published articles.
Developing countries often fail to industrialize not because they lack potential, institutions, or capacity, but because both the global economic system and domestic policy choices hinder their ability to follow the historical path that enabled nations like Britain, the U.S., Japan, and China to achieve industrialization. As Ha-Joon Chang argues, rich countries impose neo-liberal rules—premature … Read more
Yi Wen’s The Making of an Economic Superpower and Ha-Joon Chang’s Kicking Away the Ladder and Bad Samaritans converge on a single, historically grounded claim: modern industrialization follows a universal and sequential logic. Britain pioneered this process during the Industrial Revolution, while China, after 1978, rediscovered and dramatically compressed it. Despite profound differences in political … Read more
The lack of a Marshall-style reconstruction program for China after World War II was neither accidental nor simply the result of Kuomintang (KMT) corruption or administrative failure. Rather, it reflected deliberate strategic choices shaped by U.S. priorities, racialized perceptions, fears of Chinese nationalism, and the short-term logic that guided early Cold War policymaking. From Washington’s … Read more
Although most of the world operates primarily under market-based economic systems, China stands out for having leveraged globalization more effectively than any other country. With the world’s largest industrial output, rapid technological progress, and expanding global influence, China has followed a distinctive development path. This path reflects a combination of historical legacies, deliberate policy choices, … Read more
Rare earth elements are neither truly scarce in nature nor an inherent, singular point of existential weakness for the United States. Their strategic importance instead arises from their role as a high-leverage chokepoint within modern industrial supply chains. The most complex, capital-intensive, and environmentally demanding stages—midstream refining and downstream magnet production—are overwhelmingly concentrated in China. … Read more
The experience of discrimination against Chinese people abroad is a complex, multi-dimensional issue. It is shaped by historical migration trends, cultural norms, social perceptions, structural inequalities, and personal reactions. This analysis brings together viewpoints from Chinese individuals, outside observers, and researchers, drawing on lived experiences, social practices, and wider systemic influences. 1. Historical and Cultural … Read more
I. Mathematical Competitions vs. Mathematical Research 1. The Nature of the IMO and Competitive Mathematics The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is designed to evaluate a very specific set of skills, emphasizing speed, precision, and mastery of elementary topics such as combinatorics, geometry, number theory, and algebra. Participants are trained to recognize patterns quickly, apply technical … Read more
Introduction: From World Factory to Technology Exporter Over the last forty years, China’s position in the global automotive industry has experienced a profound transformation. Once primarily a recipient of foreign technology in exchange for market access, China has emerged as the world’s leading hub for new energy vehicle (NEV) innovation. Today, it exports not only … Read more
I. The Provocation: Generational Tensions in the Immigrant Experience The provocation at the heart of this generational conflict between first- and second-generation Chinese Americans is not a rejection of immigration itself, but a pointed critique of the assumptions that have underpinned the immigrant journey. Second-generation Chinese Americans, often referred to as ABCs (American-born Chinese), argue … Read more
Level 1: How Institutional Design Governs Work Behavior Before Culture Does At the most fundamental level, patterns of work and competition are determined less by cultural values than by the institutional environments in which individuals operate. When incentives, constraints, and protections are structured in specific ways, behavior adjusts accordingly. Europe offers a clear illustration of … Read more