Western complacency frames China as merely catching up, causing persistent underestimation of its rise by assuming it must follow or fail by Western norms.
In their August 19, 2025 Foreign Affairs article, “The Real China Model: Beijing’s Enduring Formula for Wealth and Power,” Dan Wang and Arthur Kroeber challenge a set of simplified and reassuring beliefs that long shaped Western interpretations of China’s rise. What they call “The Real China Model” is not a new doctrine but a corrective: … Read more
China defies long-held Western assumptions about modernity by actively defining its own path rather than opposing the West with a universal alternative. Its experience demonstrates that modernity is not singular but plural: distinct historical, cultural, and institutional trajectories can also yield prosperity, stability, and technological advancement. The Western difficulty, therefore, extends beyond political disagreement to … Read more
Western media have spent the past decade portraying China’s social credit system as a uniquely coercive fusion of technology and state power, while positioning the United States on moral high ground. Yet this framing obscures a parallel reality: in the U.S., credit scores, legal records, and risk models function as a de facto cross-sector behavioral … Read more
For much of the post–Cold War era, the United States treated a set of interlocking doctrines—market fundamentalism, free-trade universalism, post-industrial optimism, asset-light corporate governance, financialization, limited-government absolutism, unfettered capital mobility, consumer-welfare reductionism, and the peace-through-trade assumption—not as historically contingent choices but as permanent economic truths. In combination, these ideas proved costly. They privileged short-term efficiency … Read more
In High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy (2024), Angela Huyue Zhang examines China’s regulatory approach, comparing it with developments in the United States and the European Union. She argues that, despite differences in political and economic structures, China faces regulatory challenges similar to those confronting Western systems. Zhang frames this … Read more
Western analyses of China often remain trapped in Western-centric political assumptions and fail to appreciate the enduring indigenous logic of Chinese political development. It is tempting to interpret China’s actions and ambitions through American or broader Western paradigms, yet such projections distort reality rather than illuminate it. A more accurate understanding requires approaching China on … Read more
Western critiques of China’s hukou (household registration) system often frame it as a uniquely authoritarian mechanism that restricts permanent migration to major cities by tying access to public services—such as education, healthcare, and social housing—to one’s registered locality. This comparison, however, is strategically incomplete. It evaluates hukou against an idealized vision of Western mobility rather … Read more
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the First Gulf War in 1991 marked the zenith of American global dominance and gave rise to the belief that liberal capitalism and American-style democracy constituted the “end of history.” Emboldened by this perceived victory, the United States pursued a post–Cold War globalization strategy centered on exporting its … Read more
The United States persistently confuses moral conviction and procedural authority with substantive material strategy, a pattern evident in its unplanned decoupling from global dependencies—a deliberate echo of habits ingrained since the Cold War’s end. To effectively vie with China in the technological arena and avert recurring pitfalls, the U.S. must confront its fundamental errors and … Read more
Western misconceptions do more than distort how the United States interprets China’s economic system; they structurally constrain America’s ability to learn from China’s industrial policy experience. By framing China’s approach through ideological caricatures rather than analytical assessment, U.S. policymakers often dismiss outcomes that warrant serious study. This misperception is not merely rhetorical—it shapes the boundaries … Read more