U.S. manufacturing offshoring

The U.S. shed factories and the skills around them, while China accepted inefficiency to build complete industrial systems and long-term manufacturing power.

Why U.S. Can’t Match China’s Top-Down Strategic Execution

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Amid intensifying U.S.–China strategic competition, a fundamental asymmetry lies in the United States’ inability—and institutional reluctance—to replicate China’s coordinated, top-down execution of industrial, technological, and strategic initiatives. China’s centralized governance model enables rapid alignment of policy, capital, and enterprise around national priorities, conferring advantages in speed, scale, and strategic coherence. By contrast, the U.S. system … Read more

Shareholder Primacy Undermines U.S. Manufacturing Reshoring

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U.S. manufacturing reshoring efforts are unlikely to succeed because they collide with the same shareholder-primacy system that originally drove offshoring. For decades, U.S. firms have been governed by incentives that prioritize short-term profits and stock prices over long-term productive capacity. Offshoring manufacturing to China and Mexico offered immediate financial gains through lower labor costs, lighter … Read more

Huawei’s Lessons from Telecom Decline in U.S.–China Rivalry

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Huawei has systematically studied the rise and fall of global telecommunications giants—Nortel, Lucent, Alcatel, Nokia Networks, Siemens Communications, and Ericsson—extracting deep lessons in organization, strategy, technology, and governance. These cases reflect not isolated failures but a broader pattern of systemic dysfunction in Western telecoms during the structural transformation of the industry from the late 20th … Read more

America’s Unspoken Pivot to Strategic Industrial Planning

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China’s repeated success with long-term industrial planning, exemplified by its Five-Year Plans, contrasts sharply with the United States’ difficulty in consciously adopting similar strategies. This divergence is not simply a matter of economics, but a reflection of differences in political structure, ideology, financial incentives, and historical experience. Yet the irony is that the U.S. already … Read more

Rebuilding U.S. Manufacturing: Lessons from American Amnesia

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In American Amnesia: How the War on Government Led Us to Forget What Made America Prosper (2016), Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson challenge the claim that free markets alone produced American prosperity. They argue instead that the United States historically thrived through a mixed economy in which active public investment, effective governance, and private … Read more

Europe & Japan’s Tech Gap: Insights for U.S.–China Rivalry

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Europe and Japan are notably absent from the ranks of internet giants comparable to Apple, Google, Tencent, ByteDance, and Alibaba, resulting in a relative lack of big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence companies. This absence limits Europe’s digital sovereignty—its ability to regulate foreign tech giants, enforce digital taxes, or prevent interference in elections—and constrains … Read more

China vs India: IT Industry Lessons for U.S.–China Rivalry

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Since 2025, India’s long-standing confidence in its IT industry has been shaken by two symbolic setbacks. The first was the emergence of DeepSeek, a globally influential open-source AI platform originating in China rather than India, prompting soul-searching in a country long celebrated for its software prowess. The second was Tata Consultancy Services’ announcement of its … Read more

Why Huawei Outpaced ZTE in the U.S.–China Tech Rivalry

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Over the past few decades, Huawei and ZTE—both founded in the late 1980s and initially peers in China’s telecommunications equipment industry—have followed sharply diverging paths. Since the mid-2000s, Huawei has steadily pulled ahead, evolving from a comparable competitor into a global leader with integrated “device–network–cloud–chip–software” capabilities across 5G, semiconductors, operating systems, cloud computing, and AI. … Read more

From 1G to 5G: Strategic Rivalry Over Telecom Ecosystems

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The evolution from 1G to 5G reflects a sustained three-way strategic contest among China, the United States, and Europe, in which technological standards serve as the fulcrum, industrial ecosystems as the primary arena, and national strategies as critical support. Rather than a linear process of technical upgrading, this trajectory unfolds through distinct phases—from dependence, to … Read more

China’s Distinct 4G/5G Path and Its Role in US-Tech Rivalry

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China’s 4G/5G development has followed a distinctive three-pronged evolutionary path integrating institutions, technology, and markets. Shaped by strong state leadership, system-level integration, scenario-driven development, and ecosystem collaboration, this model contrasts sharply with the market- and capital-driven approaches of Europe and the United States, as well as the conglomerate-centered industrial trajectories of Japan and South Korea, … Read more